The question is pretty open ended. A number of mathematical (and related physics) concepts would be helpful for functioning as an astronaut. Motion of objects calcualtions need Trionometry/geometry and Algebra, for sure. Differential equations govern the motion as well. Do they need to be using them in space? Perhaps not directly, but it may become inherent in their experience.
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Algebra and calculus
everyday they use math
the banks use math so they can get their pay and count money
We use 99.9 percent of math in our everyday life.
Artists will use math when they are drawing something if they need to know the dimensions to draw. They might also use math when they are determining pricing.