10
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Yes, it employs positional notation. It forms the basis of our decimal system, replacing the original Arabic symbols with Latin symbols.
The number ten forms the basis.
The answer depends on the basis for numbering: distance from the sun, mass, volume, number of moons, order of discovery. Since you have not bothered to share that crucial bit of information, I cannot provide a more useful answer.
Melvil Dewey created the Dewey Decimal system. It is a classification system used by libraries, and not what is meant in the question. The decimal number system is the number system that we all use on a daily basis; it was invented by a succession of Arab and Hindu mathematicians beginning about 1400 years ago.
They are used for counting things. Also, they form the basis for the rest of the number system: the integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, complex numbers, quaternioins.