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The volume should not change if the cylinder is rigid.
If the volume is reduced, and all else remains the same, then the pressure will increase by a factor of 2, or it will double.
A piston cylinder process actually includes two processes. The gas inside the piston undergoes both the constant pressure process and the contant volume process.
That all depends on the type of gas and volume given for the problem. We can't determine the mass and density of the gas cylinder if we are not given these info, which can also include pressure (because density varies based on that variable).
The difference in compressive strength is due to the difference between the modulus of elasticity of concrete and that of the steel which is used to apply the compressive force on the concrete. The pressure applies a lateral confinement pressure which is equal to d/3 meaning that for the cylinder, 2d/3 is confined leaving d/3 unconfined whereas for the cylinder 2d/3 is confined means all of the cube is confined. This leads to the cube having a higher compressive strength that the cylinder. For more information, try to read about the triaxial test and the effect of confinement on the compressive strength of soil samples.