An "a" with two dots over it, known as an "ä," typically represents a sound similar to the "a" in "cat" or "bat," but with a more open and rounded quality. This diacritic is commonly found in languages like German and Swedish, where it alters the pronunciation from a standard "a" sound to a more distinct vowel sound.
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The letter "ä" with two dots over it is called an umlaut, commonly found in German and other languages. It modifies the pronunciation of the vowel, changing the sound to a more fronted articulation. In German, for example, "ä" is pronounced similarly to the English "e" in "bet." Umlauts can also appear in other languages, serving various phonetic and sometimes grammatical purposes.
Hold down the Alt key and type 139
The dots over i and j are called tittles. This is what wikipedia says:The tittle first appeared in Latin manuscripts in the 11th century, to distinguish the letter i from strokes of nearby letters. Although originally a larger mark, it was reduced to a dot when Roman-style typefaces were introduced.The 'u' or 'j' with two dots over are used in some languages,hungarian, Portuguese, to represent a different vowel sound to the English sound.I think they represent a vowel that is more 'fronted' than the English vowel.
The two dots above a letter, you mean, would be called a diaeresis and/or an umlaut.
Um. i don't know how to make an i with dots but i can do this Alt+142=Ä and Alt+148=ö hope that that helps you out