That depends upon whom you ask, as there is some degree of controversy around Likert scales. Many people, myself included, would consider it interval data, and it is usually interpreted that way. However, there is another school of thought that says that Likert data is ordinal at best. Both sides of the debate have valid points, and this question hasn't been settled.
Guttman scale is a one way street. Meaning it only has positive values. common example are distance (cm/m/km) or weight (mg/g/kg)Likert scale is two way street. It has both positive and negative values. Commonly used are survey on perception. Hence a 5 Likert rating would give a 'rubric' ofStrongly Disagree (-2)Disagree (-1)Neutral (0)Agree (1)Strongly Agree (2)In the above example Likert possible rating is from -2 until +2
If you are considering a single ordinal variable, determining the mode or median would be meaningful, but the mean or SD would not. Many researchers do consider likert-scale data to possess only ordinal qualities. However, leading research studies, for example in the marketing area, obtain measures such as means and standard deviations from likert-scale data. Indeed leading textbooks also follow this approach. One concern has been that the 'distances' between points on a likert scale are not equal, for example the 'distance' or 'difference' between a strongly disagree and disagree is not the same as the difference between disagree and neutral. A recent study discusses these issues, as well as demonstrating that data obtained from 5-point, 7-point and 10-point likert scales are approximately comparable in terms of mean score (once re-scaled) and various measures of variation and data shape. The study reference is Dawes, John "Do Data Characteristics Change According to the Number of Scale Points Used ? An Experiment using 5-point, 7-point and 10-point Scales" International Journal of Market Research, Vol 50 2008.
If you answered 79 out of 85 questions correctly, your raw score would typically be calculated based on the number of correct answers. However, if your raw score is reported as 47.5, it suggests that either a grading scale or weighted system is being applied. To determine your grade, you would need to clarify how the raw score relates to the total possible score or the grading scale used. Generally, a correct answer percentage would yield a higher grade than 47.5 out of a possible score.
The answer will depend on what the score is out of.
To calculate the grade, divide the score by the total possible points: 155 divided by 170 equals approximately 0.9118. To convert this to a percentage, multiply by 100, resulting in about 91.18%. This score typically corresponds to an A or A- grade, depending on the grading scale used.
A likert scale is basically questions with many choices for the answer. Answers for agreement include strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree, or strongly disagree. For frequency examples of answer choices would be very frequently, frequently, occasionally, rarely, very rarely, or never.
Guttman scale is a one way street. Meaning it only has positive values. common example are distance (cm/m/km) or weight (mg/g/kg)Likert scale is two way street. It has both positive and negative values. Commonly used are survey on perception. Hence a 5 Likert rating would give a 'rubric' ofStrongly Disagree (-2)Disagree (-1)Neutral (0)Agree (1)Strongly Agree (2)In the above example Likert possible rating is from -2 until +2
If you are considering a single ordinal variable, determining the mode or median would be meaningful, but the mean or SD would not. Many researchers do consider likert-scale data to possess only ordinal qualities. However, leading research studies, for example in the marketing area, obtain measures such as means and standard deviations from likert-scale data. Indeed leading textbooks also follow this approach. One concern has been that the 'distances' between points on a likert scale are not equal, for example the 'distance' or 'difference' between a strongly disagree and disagree is not the same as the difference between disagree and neutral. A recent study discusses these issues, as well as demonstrating that data obtained from 5-point, 7-point and 10-point likert scales are approximately comparable in terms of mean score (once re-scaled) and various measures of variation and data shape. The study reference is Dawes, John "Do Data Characteristics Change According to the Number of Scale Points Used ? An Experiment using 5-point, 7-point and 10-point Scales" International Journal of Market Research, Vol 50 2008.
If you answered 79 out of 85 questions correctly, your raw score would typically be calculated based on the number of correct answers. However, if your raw score is reported as 47.5, it suggests that either a grading scale or weighted system is being applied. To determine your grade, you would need to clarify how the raw score relates to the total possible score or the grading scale used. Generally, a correct answer percentage would yield a higher grade than 47.5 out of a possible score.
To convert a grade to a percentage, divide the score achieved by the total possible score and then multiply by 100. For example, if a student scores 75 out of 100, the calculation would be (75/100) × 100 = 75%. This formula can be applied to any grading scale by adjusting the total possible score accordingly.
To convert a score of 101.4 to a 5.0 GPA scale, you first need to determine the maximum possible score on the original scale. If the original scale is out of 100, you would divide the score by 100 to get a decimal (1.014) and then multiply by 5. This results in a GPA of approximately 5.07, but since most GPA scales cap at 5.0, the final GPA would be 5.0.
To convert a 74.79 average to a 4.0 scale, you can use the formula: (score - minimum passing score) / (maximum score - minimum passing score) * 4. Assuming a typical grading scale where the minimum passing score is 60 and the maximum is 100, the calculation would be: (74.79 - 60) / (100 - 60) * 4, which results in approximately 2.89. Therefore, a 74.79 average equates to about a 2.89 on a 4.0 scale.
how you would use the scale in miles to estimate to total area of Madagascar
The answer will depend on what the score is out of.
To convert a total score of 266 to a letter grade, you first need to know the maximum score possible. Assuming a typical maximum score of 400, a score of 266 would translate to approximately 66.5%. This percentage usually corresponds to a letter grade of D or D+, depending on the specific grading scale used by the institution. Always refer to the specific grading policy for precise conversions.
To convert a score from a 7-point scale to a 10-point scale, you can use the formula: ( \text{New Score} = \left( \frac{\text{Old Score} - 1}{6} \right) \times 9 + 1 ). This formula first normalizes the 7-point score to a 0-1 range, then scales it to a 0-9 range, and finally shifts it to a 1-10 range. For example, a score of 4 on the 7-point scale would convert to approximately 6.5 on the 10-point scale.
Total percentage score would be 62 %