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The hydrometer measures specific gravity, which is a unit-less quantity that expresses the ratio of a liquid's density to the density of water. For example, if a liquid as an SG of 1.000, it has the same density as water. An SG of 1.100 indicates that a liquid is ten percent denser than water. One with an SG of 1.010 is just one percent denser. On some hydrometers there are other scales whose units are in degrees Brix, degrees Balling, or Plato. But those units are used specifically to measure sugar content in juices, wine, and beer. If you're curious about that, Wikipedia has a few articles to check out.

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Q: What units of measure are employed when using a hydrometer?
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