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The square root of a value v is a number x such that, x multiplied by x equals v. Note that -x is also a square root.
52. The absolute value is the nonnegative value of a number. Enclosing vertical bars ( | | ) are the absolute value operator. Using that notation we can state that |a| = a, and |-a| = a. You can also note that |a| (whether a is negative or positive) equals the square root of a squared.
If you subtract 4x on each side, you get 5 = -1, which is false. Note that this doesn't depend on the value of x, so this is false for any value of x.
Any dotted note takes the value of the note and adds one-half the notes original value. Thus, a dotted 16th note takes the original 16th and adds on another 32nd making the total value 3/32nds.
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