When there is no ordered n-tuple (pair, triplet, quartet - depending on the number of dimensions) that satisfies both equations at the same time. In graph form, it is when the straight lines representing the two equations are non-intersecting.
In 2 dimensions non-intersection implies that the lines are parallel.
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Any system of linear equations can have the following number of solutions: 0 if the system is inconsistent (one of the equations degenerates to 0=1) 1 if the system is linearly independent infinity if the system has free variables and is not inconsistent.
It is an inconsistent system of equations. --- Or perhaps you want examples? One pair of inconsistent equations: x + y = 4 x + y = 1 Another pair: y = x2 + 3 y = 1 (In the first equation of this pair, y is minimised when x = 0, when its value is 3. But the second equation claims that y = 1.)
No. A pair of linear equation can have 0 solutions (they are parallel), or one solution (they cross at one point) or an infinite number of solutions (they represent the same line).
Yes.
No. All linear pair angles are supplementary, but supplementary angles do not have to be a linear pair.