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on the military protractor
The arc length is equal to the angle times the radius. This assumes the angle is expressed in radians; if it isn't, convert it to radians first, or incorporate the conversion (usually from degrees to radians) in to your formula.
It does not. 300 mg per dl is a measure of density while gm is a measure of mass. The two measure different things and, according to the basic principles of dimensional analysis, conversion from one to the other is not valid.
There are 45 grams in 45g. Grams (g) is a unit of measurement for mass in the metric system. When you state "45g," you are already referring to 45 grams, so there is no need for conversion or calculation in this case.
You can use the rectangular-polar conversion on any scientific calculator to do this type of conversion. However, in this case, you should be able to do the calculation in your head: any point on the positive i-axis has an angle of 90 degrees; any point on the negative i-axis (as in this case) has an angle of 270 degrees.