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Diminished seventh - a D sharp diminished seventh chord will contain the notes: D sharp F sharp A natural & C natural Hope that helps!
There is actually no such thing as a "dominant scale", however you can use the notes of a dominant 7th chord as a scale and that can begin on any note, the dominant 7th chord in C major is G7 and G7 uses all white keys (G, B, D and F), the structure of a dominant 7th chord is the major triad plus the flatted 7th.
Imagine if you will a circle with a chord drawn through it and a line running from the center of that chord to the center of the circle. That line is necessarily perpendicular to the chord. This means you have a right triangle whose hypotenuse is the radius of the circle. The radius is thus given by: r = sqrt{(1/2 chord length)^2 + (length of perpendicular line)^2} The actual formula to find the radius is as follows: r= C squared/8a + a/2, where C is the chord length, and a is the distance from center point of the chord to the circle , and a and C form an angle of 90 degrees. the entire formula before simplification is r = sqrt {(1/2 C)^2 + (r-a)^2}
Assume you mean the chord of a circle? If the angle between the two radii from the ends of the chord is A, and the radius of the circle is R, the chord length L will be L = 2RsinA/2. You can prove this easily by joining the point bisecting the chord to the centre, you then have two rightangled triangles, with an included angle of A/2, and an opposite side of L/2. So sinA/2 = L/2R.
You can use the cosine rule to calculate the central angle.