Units that are used for measures in which the direction is relevant. Example are displacement, velocity, acceleration, force.
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A vector quantity can be described in many different units, because there are many different vector quantities. For example, a distance - when the direction is relevant - would be indicated in meters or km. (plus a direction), a velocity in meters per second plus a direction, an acceleration in meters per second square, plus a direction. Electric field might be indicated in Volts / meter, if I remember correctly again, including an indicating the direction.
No. The same quantities in different units.
It depends on the type of product used. A dot or scalar product of two vectors will result in a scalar. A cross or vector product of two vectors will result in a vector.
A ratio between two (usually) different quantities is the rate. Usually used to describe something compared to a quantity of time.
"Cubic feet" is a unit of volume, whereas "feet" is a unit of length. They're completely different units, they're used to describe completely different kinds of quantities, and neither one can be converted to the other one. If you could convert volume units into length units, you'd be able to figure out how many inches of gas you put in your car yesterday.