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Thanks to government regulations, you're entitled to your credit information. You can find information on getting it for free, and explanations about the nature of it, at http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/edu/pubs/consumer/credit/cre34.shtm
It is a measure of the opacity of smoke. Ringlemann grid cards run from 0 - all white smoke to 5- all black smoke. See Bureau of Mines Circular ic8333, a link to it is available on the NIOSH site at: www.cdc.gov/Niosh/mining/pubs/pubreference/outputid330.htm
The saying was to remind people to watch which way you write it. In other words, pay attention to what you're doing. It is currently synonymous with "Be polite and mind what you say." It comes from 19th-century school-teachers reminding children who are learning cursive not to mix up which way the loops on lower-case p and q are facing, and later was used to mean be mindful of all things. There is a long-running joke that it meant "mind you pints and quarts" in 17th-century English pubs. This story has no historical basis and seems to have been concocted in the last couple of decades as a joke that (due to a widely circulating chain e-mail) has begun to be accepted as true.
Mind your P's and Q's is an idiom that reminds us to mind our manners. Like most things the beginning of this phrase or abbreviation is lost in the mists of time. It either started in Britain as a reminder to patrons and bartenders in pubs to keep the tab straight or to not drink too much alcohol. P was used an an abbreviation for pint while Q was used for quarts. Since the letters are mirror images of each other the phrase, " Watch your P's and Q's" makes good sense. In early printing presses the P was reversed for the Q in lower case. So it meant to be attentive and keep focus. I like the first one better and what good British idiom didn't start in a pub over a pint of the black stuff.