There is no such quantity. Time is often cited as an example but it is always the dependent variable when studying the periodicity of pendulums, or waiting time in queues.
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The variable that you can manipulate in the experiment is always the independent variable. The quantity that changes as a result of your manipulation is the dependent variable.
By convention, 'x' is almost always the independent variable, but it doesn't have to be.
It can be but not always. The experimenter may just have to take the independent variable as it happens.
The independent variable is always on the x-axis of a coordinate plane. The dependent variable is always on the y-axis. This is true because y always depends on x.
No. If you are studying waiting time, for example at a bank, the waiting time could be the dependent variable with the number of open windows as the independent variable.