In no order, and not including the Greek and Arabic classical mathematicians: Abel
Gauss
Euler
Descartes
Riemann
Leibniz
Newton
Turing
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Mathematics became very analytical around the time of Riemann (1826-1866). The mathematics that followed from this is known as modern mathematics. Applied mathematicians may consider more recent mathematics in the second half of the 1900's to be modern mathematics, when computers, economics, and finance (etc) all became huge fields in mathematics.
"René Descartes
The purest.
Modern society would be impossible to run without mathematics. Even fairly primitive societies unconsciously depend on mathematics.
numbers, shapes, sets, lines