Defining powers this way makes the laws of powers continue being valid, for fractional exponents. Mainly, as you might know, (ab)c = abc. For positive integers "b" and "c", this is easy to visualize. Now, for example, for (21/2)2, you would expect the result to be 2 according to this law. This is only possible if 21/2 is equal to the square root of 2.
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In terms of mathematical concepts, there is no difference at all. In practical terms, some rational exponents or rational number will result in rational answers while radical exponent won't. But that is hardly a significant difference.
A rational expression is an expression that contains a radical, i.e., a root.
rational numbers are commonly referred to as fractions Any root ... square root, cube root, etc can be expressed as a rational exponent sq rt of x = x1/2 cube root of x = x1/3 if there is an exponent inside the radical you can also have rational exponents with some numerator other than 1 ex 4th root of x3 = x3/4
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