It is easy (with the right equipment ) to measure the periodicity of the eclipsing system and thereby the rotational speeds and thereby the relative masses and thereby (with the brightness) the distance and all sorts of other things.
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Binary systems appear in many ancient cultures. The earliest is believed to be the I Ching, a Chinese philosophical text that dates back to the 9th century BC. Other early examples of binary systems include the Mangarevan invention of binary steps for arithmetic, Shao Yang's binary arrangement of hexagrams, and Pingala's work on prosody. The modern binary number system was studied by Gottfried Leibniz in 1679. Leibniz published a work in 1703 that describes the binary system of the Chinese and his own system of binary numbers. Leibniz attributed the invention of binary system to Fuxi.
A binary system is a special type of a number system. The binary system uses only two digits, other number systems use more.
Octal, binary, duodecimal, and decimal, to name but four.
On the lighter side Either yes or no.
The binary system requires only two digits. It is, therefore, simpler to code numbers for electrical, electronic or optical data storage systems.