A perfect example of how theories are tested ! Theory predicts the outcome
of the experiment, and the purpose of the experiment is to test the theory.
If the outcome of the experiment is appreciably different from the one predicted
by the theory, (and if the experiment itself was valid), then the prediction is flawed,
and the theory must be either tweaked or trashed.
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Sometimes it is possible to define a model for a trial or experiment and then use mathematical or scientific rules to determine the probability of the possible outcomes. Such a procedure gives theoretical probabilities.
Galileo Galilei was and is sometimes referred to as "the father of experimental science." Galileo didn't take much on faith, rather, he tested his ideas through experiments and expressed them in mathematical form.
Experimental subjects are left free for manipulation
The Monty Hall Problem is an example that shows people are not always good at correctly estimating probabilities. To be fair, the problem is sometimes describedpoorly. The problem is obviously related to the theory of probability, in mathematics.
No, not generally. Sometimes you may by chance (to a degree) find the exact number. Estimations are put in place to give us a rough guide to for instance experimental data.