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The coefficient of discharge (Cd) is less than one because it accounts for energy losses in a fluid flow system, such as turbulence, viscosity, and friction as the fluid exits a nozzle or orifice. These losses prevent the fluid from flowing at the ideal or theoretical flow rate, which is calculated based on the cross-sectional area and pressure. Consequently, the actual flow rate is reduced compared to the theoretical flow rate, resulting in a Cd value that reflects this efficiency.

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What conditions the value of coefficient of discharge be greater than one?

The coefficient of discharge (Cd) can exceed one in certain conditions, typically involving flow measurement devices like orifices or nozzles where the flow is accelerated significantly. This can occur due to effects such as compressibility of the fluid, particularly with gases, or when flow conditions lead to a reduction in pressure and an increase in velocity that is not accounted for in the traditional equations. Additionally, measurement errors or assumptions in the theoretical models can also contribute to a Cd greater than one. However, for most incompressible fluids in controlled environments, Cd is typically less than one.


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