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To allow cooling of the Shuttle:

The interior side of the two cargo bay doors are covered with radiators. Those radiators are connected to the overall cooling system of the Shuttle. These radiators have to be exposed to space (i.e. the doors have to be opened) to reject their heat and avoid overheating of the Shuttle subsystems.

This is why the cargo bay doors are opened as soon as the Shuttle reaches its orbit, and are closed only shortly before re-entry.

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