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There are several reasons.

Measurement units evolved over time. People used different units across countries over time. Even now, you have the Imperial system that has been mostly abandoned by developed countries across the world. But USA, Burma, Liberia and a few Caribbean islands still use the Imperial system (or a variant).

Differences in scale: It would make little sense to measure the distance between two cities in metres, or the size of an ant. In the first case you would use a kilometre, in the second a millimetre.

Sometimes the way in which a physical measure is derived will affect its units. Energy can be defined as the ability to do work and so the unit is the same as the unit for work: a Joule. However, thermal energy is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of pure water by 1 kelvin and in 1 calorie.

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Q: Why do you have different units for same physical quantity?
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