Because mathematics is a axiomatic system so that every new statement remains a conjecture until it is proved.
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There is not "the" conjecture: there are several. The oldest and probably best known unsolved conjecture in number theory is the Goldbach conjecture. According to it every even integer greater than two can be expressed as the sum of two prime numbers.
In order to find the unknown term in a number sequence, you first need to calaculate the advantage of the numbers.
Usually not. If you do use conjectures, you should make it quite clear that the proof stands and falls with the truth of the conjecture. That is, if the conjecture happens to be false, then the proof of your statement turns out to be invalid.
You need to do the math to get the answers.
By creating a strong inference, you can then put your ideas to the test. After close observation, you can then rule-out any incorrect guesses.