Lots of reasons. One is that Judaism doesn't believe in encouraging people to convert. If someone wants to convert to Judaism, they're welcome to (although discouraged at first), but Judaism has no mass programs to get people to convert. Nor did it usually have forced conversions like the other religions did. Another reason is that Jews have been heavily persecuted over the years and many were killed.
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Only one, referred to as Allah. This is the same God worshiped by the other Abrahamic religions, Christianity and Judaism.
There are about 280,000 Jews in the United Kingdom. This number includes about 20,000 people of Jewish ethnicity who practice religions other than Judaism.
Several religions. Christianity, Islam, and the Bahá'í Faith, all accept the Bible (including the New Testament) as Holy Scripture; many other religions don't, including, as far as I know, Judaism, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, and others.
The Romans required the conquered peoples to worship the Roman gods, although they were also free to worship their own gods as well. They made an exception to this requirement for Judaism because the Jews were monotheistic, and therefore could not worship other gods, and because of the perceived antiquity of Judaism. Early Christianity, until at least 90 CE, was seen as a sect of Judaism, to this privilege was extended to Christianity.
In terms of independent religions (not branches of other faiths or anything), I would say Mandaeism, Yazidism, and Cao Dai.