Why is mathematics called the language of science?

Answer 1

Huge swathes of science are by definition, or are founded upon, and use, mathematical rules.

These can be a simple multiplication or division as in Ohm's Law: I = V/R where these are the current in Amperes, potential difference (voltage) in Volts and Resistance in Ohms, in a simple electrical circuit.

Or they can be extremely complicated relationships using calculations of logarithmic ratios, trigonometry, calculus, complex numbers, matrices, etc. I once saw a report that had so many integral signs on one equation alone that it looked like a stylised picture of a swannery!

Physics, the foundation science, and its practical application, engineering, is largely mathematical. The natural sciences all use a lot of maths, depending on speciality, even if largely statistics.

I should add I am not a mathematician: I now understand logarithms but barely understand trig beyond basic right-triangles and their relationship with the circle and waves, have only hazy notions about calculus and cannot understand matrices at all! (Still, the last were developed by among others, Lewis Carroll of 'Alice' fame - in his day-job as Mathematics Prof. Charles Dodgson - so I regard them as numerical fantasy!)