Your question is just like asking 'Why is the top of planet earth called North. Or why is the planet Earth always shown on maps with Australia at the bottom and Iceland at the top. The answer to all of these questions including yours, is :- because hundreds of years ago , somebody just decided to make that decision, and we all accept it as what the whole world has chosen to do. It would have been just as logical to call the negative terminal, the positive terminal, but they chose otherwise. There is no explanation needed.
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Yes.
It will always be positive.
The answer is always positive. If the signs are the same (positive by positive, negative by negative), then the quotient is always positive. If the signs are different (positive by negative, negative by positive), then the quotient is always negative.
Yes. -1,0,1 you are always moving. always positive
Yes, a negative number subtracted from a positive number will always be positive. Subtracting a negative number is the same as adding the opposite of the negative number. The opposite of a negative number is always positive. A positive number plus a positive number is always positive.