no. (once also written with a superscript o) is an abbreviation of Latin numero, the ablative of numerus'number'; the ablative case is used for the meaning 'in number', which is how the abbreviation was first used.
Your next question will no doubt be "Why is 'no.' the abbreviation for 'numero'? Why not 'nu.'?" The answer to this is that abbreviations don't necessarily have the initial part of a word, especially if that's not the important part. So "Mister" is Mr., not Mi., and "verb" is vb. Knowing that numero has an -o ending is important, and that's why we have no.
The abbreviation no. is first found in English in the seventeenth century.
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The symbol for number is #
e is the symbol of the number e
0 is a symbol for the absence of a number.
The cube symbol is the number 3 in a superscript format (Any number³)
A power or exponent.