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Who used place value an zero in mathematics?

The Indans and the the Arabs. It was intoduced to the west through translation of Arabic texts. Also, the Mayas.


What error will be intoduced if you fail to set the zero point of the balance before making a reading?

The reading could be too high or too low.


What is the sum of 1776 and 1799 calculated together in two different ways entirely in Roman numerals throughout your work?

The ancient Romans would have probably added together the equivalent of 1776 and 1799 simply as in either of the following formats: A: MDCCLXXVI+IMDCCC = MMMDLXXV => 1776+(1800-1) = 3575 B: MDCCLXXVI+MDCCLXXXXVIIII = MMMDLXXV => 1776+1799 = 3575 Note that the modern way of expressing 1799 in Roman numerals is now MDCCXCIX because of changes made to the rules governing the Roman numeral system intoduced during the Middle Ages. QED


How would you actually add together 1455 and 545 using Roman numerals knowing that the answer must be MM?

Today we would convert the equivalent of 1455 and 545 into Roman numerals as MCDLV and DXLV respectively which makes adding them together to equal MM (2000) an almost impossible task. But the Romans probably wrote out 1455 and 545 in a simplified format as LMDV (1505-50) and VDL (550-5) which makes addition straightforward as follows:- LMDV+VDL = MM (1455+545 = 2000) The above numerals are simplified versions of the following expanded versions but they still too add up to MM:- MCCCCLV+DXXXXV = MM (1455+545 = 2000) The rules governing the Roman numeral system were probably changed during the Middle Ages presumably to make it easier to convert Roman numerals into Hindu-Arabic numerals that were being intoduced into Western Europe at the time.


What are the two methods of actually subtracting 8.5 from 89.5 entirely in Roman numerals showing work?

Notwithstanding todays modern usage of Roman numerals inasmuch that there is undisputed historical evidence to confirm that the ancient Romans would have subtacted the equivalent of 8.5 from 89.5 using either one of the following formats:-SXC-SIX = XXCI => (100-10.5)-(10-1.5) = (101-20)Remember that a double minus in arithmetic becomes a plusAlternatively by cancelling out same numerals:-LXXXVIIIIS-VIIIS = LXXXI => 89.5-8.5 = 81Note that XXCI is an abridged version of LXXXI thus using less numerals but of equal value.Individual values: C=100, L=50, X=10, V=5, I=1 and S=0.5 or 1/2Accumlative values: 2*S=I, 5*I=V, 2*V=X, 5*X=L and 2*L=CTodays modern rules governing the Roman numeral system were compiled and intoduced during the Middle Ages but this was well over a thousand years later after the foundation of the Roman Empire.QED by David Gambell