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Projecting the Earth's surface onto a two-dimensional map introduces several challenges, primarily due to the Earth's curvature. Distortion occurs in various properties such as area, shape, distance, and direction, making it difficult to accurately represent geographic features. Different map projections prioritize certain attributes over others, leading to trade-offs; for example, a Mercator projection preserves angles but greatly distorts size near the poles. These issues can affect navigation, resource management, and the interpretation of spatial data.

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