I'd hate to give you a definition like, "Related pairs of numbers are pairs of numbers that are related" so let's just go with an example. Let the first number of a pair represent a quantity of bicycles. Let the second number represent the number of tires per bicycle. With 1 bicycle you would have 2 tires, with 2 you would have 4 and so on.
(1,2)(2,4)(3,6)(4,8) are related pairs of numbers.
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It means write down three pairs of numbers that are relatively prime like 4 and 9, 5 and 6, 13 and 25
Yes. Factors are numbers that multiply to create a product.
There is an infinity of pairs of numbers with a GCF of 4. If p and P are two distinct primes, then 4p and 4P are such a pair. There are other ways to construct such pairs, but one infinity should suffice.
Any pair of prime or relatively prime numbers.
The difference is between factor pairs and distinct factors. With square numbers, one of the factor pairs will be the same number twice. When listing the distinct factors, that number is only listed once.