That's finding the prime factorization.
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Two is a prime number (and the only even prime number). Its only factors are 1 and itself.
23 is a prime number.
A prime factorization
The prime factors of 51 are 3 and 17. Once you add itself and one, you have all the factors. (1,3,17,51)
If you know the prime factorization of a number, you can find out the total number of factors. Example: 210 2^1 x 3^1 x 5^1 x 7^1 = 210 Add one to the exponents and multiply them. 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16, the total number of factors.