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In a metal halide light, the electricity heats a metal filament to a high temperature creating an extremely bright light. Metal ions burn off. A gas of the halide group (chlorine, bromine, iodine) reacts with the metal ions that have burned off and redeposit them on the filament. Because the filament is constantly being rebuilt, it can be brighter than a regular light bulb. Also it heats the gas to the point where the gasses give off light. So both the filament and the gasses give off light.
With a Mercury vapor light, mercury vapor is heated until it gives off ultraviolet light. The filament only serves to heat the mercury. It does not give off light. This light is used to excite phosphrus and other chemicals on the edge of the bulb. Those chemicals glow in the visible light spectrum. As a result, they illuminate.
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EzraSlightly oversimplifying it:
- a mercury vapor lamp is a type of arc lamp where the arc passes through vaporized mercury
- a metal halide lamp is an extended life version of an incandescent filament lamp, the life of the filament is extended by a halogen gas fill that scavenges metal that has vaporized from the filament (which causes the filament to thin and weaken) preventing it from depositing on the glass envelope (darkening it) and the metal halide compounds produced decompose on contact with the hot filament depositing metal (building back up the weakest parts of the filament) and regenerating the halogen gas fill
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