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The factor of safety for loads is known as partial safety factor. Partial safety factor=Design load/Characteristicload
There is a formula for the difference of two squares. The sum of two squares doesn't factor.
There is a formula for the "difference of squares." In this case, the answer is (3m + 13n)(3m - 13n)
There is a formula for the "difference of squares." In this case, the answer is (5b - 14c)(5b + 14c)
You need to know density and percent by weight. Then use the following formula: ((1000)density x % by weight) / formula mass=concentration