The time signature [ 3/4 ] means that there are 3 beats to every measure, and the quarter note is one beat.
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A time signature of 38 is three quavers to a bar.
Not necessarily. Say you're in common time (which is 4 4 time), composers will indicate you're switching to triplets with the 3. But if say you're in a complex time (which is like 6 8, 9 8, etc... 3 8 is not considered a complex time), you will not be given a 3 above the triplets because it is understood when you are in a complex timing, the music will be in triplets.
It means 8 Tentacles of an Octopus. Octo means 8.
In Additive rhythm, larger periods of time are constructed by concatenating (joining end to end) a series of units into larger units of unequal length, such as a 5/8 meter produced by the regular alternation of 2/8 and 3/8. This contrasts with divisive or multiplicative rhythm, in which a larger period of time is divided into smaller rhythmic units.
A quarter note is the only note held for the duration of a quarter note. A quarter note is held for one beat of music, in a piece that is written with a time signature of anything over 4 such as 3/4, 4/4, 5/4 time ect. A quarter rest is a "beat of silence" in these timings. If the quarter note is in any time signature over 8, such as 3/8, 4/8, 6/8, then it would be held for two beats. Similarly if the quarter note is in a time signature over 2, such as 3/2, 4/2, or 6/2, then you would hold it for half a beat. The time signature is found at the beginning of the piece of music, beside the clefs (treble and bass).