When atoms combine with other atoms, some times they lose electrons, some times they gain electrons, and some times they share electrons. In an ionic bond, one atom will lose an electron(s), and the other will gain an electron(s). An example might be NaCl where Na loses an electron and Cl gains an electron. In a covalent bond, each atom provides an electron and both of them share the two electrons. An example of this might be H2O where each hydrogen provides one electron, and oxygen provides one electron to make the O-H bond.
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No, not all atoms tend to lose electrons. Atoms can gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. The tendency to lose or gain electrons depends on factors such as the number of valence electrons and the element's position on the Periodic Table.
Well it is kind of impossible to tell correctly. Most of the atoms tend to gain electrons (as in the case of nonmetals), lose electrons (as in the case of metals) or share electrons (as in the case of carbon or silicon) and try to attain the stable electronic configuration of noble gases.
Atoms with 1 or 2 electrons on their valence level tend to gain electrons to achieve a full outer shell of 8 electrons, following the octet rule. This provides greater stability and a configuration similar to the nearest noble gas.
All should lose 2 electrons to attain the nearest noble gas configuration
For periods above period 1, each complete outer shell will contain 8 electrons. This is known as the octet rule, where atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons in order to achieve a full outer shell with 8 electrons.
Electrons are present in all types of matter because they are fundamental particles that make up atoms. Atoms are the building blocks of matter, and electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom. Therefore, electrons are found in all types of matter, whether it be solids, liquids, or gases.