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Clays are phyllosilicates and have a sheet structure that is ionic in nature.
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Mainly a permanent clay mineral is a 2:1 clay (which means that it has 2 layers of silica and one of aluminum hydroxide)
The permanent charged is nearly Always negative and exists by isomorphic reaction
A variable charged clay mineral can be both, 2:1 and 1:1 clay minerals (1:1 = one layer of silica on 1 layer of aluminum hydroxide)
a variable clay mineral can be either negative positive or zero
Variable charge in clays comes from pH-dependent adsorption of ions on clay surfaces, while permanent charge arises from isomorphous substitution of ions in the crystal lattice. Variable charge can be modified by changing soil pH, while permanent charge remains constant irrespective of pH. Conducting pH-dependent tests or using selective extractants can help distinguish between variable and permanent charge of clays in soils.
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