The classic chemistry experiment for making Nylon is to add adipoyl chloride to hexamethylene diamine so that it forms two layers. Nylon 6,6 is formed at the interface of these two layers and can be fished out with tweezers and then continuously pulled out by twirling around a glass rod above the container.
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Nylon is made through condensation polymerization of a diamine and a dicarboxylic acid or by ring-opening polymerization of a lactam. Specifically, for Nylon 6,6, the monomers used are adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine. These monomers react to form a polymer with repeating amide linkages.
Wallace Carothers was doing pure chemistry when he discovered nylon. He was researching new synthetic fibers and his discovery of nylon revolutionized the textile industry.
It is not a natural liquid that is used to make nylon. Nylon is a synthetic polymer that is made through a chemical process using petrochemicals.
The "on" at the end is to allude to the ends of the names of such fibers as Cotton and Rayon, and they just picked the "nyl" because they liked the way it sounded. The story about nylon being short for New York and London is...just a story. The full form of nylon is either Nylon-6 or Nylon-6.6, depending on manufacturer. DuPont invented Nylon-6.6 and holds a patent on its manufacture. BASF wanted also to make nylon because it sells very well so they invented Nylon-6.
Nylon is created by combining chemicals that are extracted from raw materials such as coal. This was first produced by DuPont Company between the 1920s and 1930s.
The branch that would typically handle manufacturing nylon containing carbon is the chemical engineering branch, specifically within materials science. This field focuses on the design and production of materials with specific properties, such as strength and flexibility, which is relevant in the production of nylon with carbon additives.