Any substance at a temperature of 10,000o Celsius is a glowing gas (called a plasma). It is possible to analyse the light that this emits, by means of a spectrometer, and to determine the temperature that way.
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One common method is to use a radiation pyrometer, which measures the amount of infrared radiation emitted by the hot object and converts it into a temperature reading. Another method is to use a thermocouple, which is a device that generates a voltage in response to heat and can be calibrated to provide a temperature measurement. It is important to use specialized equipment rated for high temperatures when measuring temperatures as high as 10000 degrees Celsius.
-4.83 Celsius
The phrase "sub degree" does not have any real meaning. At a sub 10000 degrees C temperature all metals would be molten and, being in liquid form, they cannot fracture.
The inner core's temperature is estimated to be around 5,700 degrees Celsius (10,300 degrees Fahrenheit). This extreme heat is due to the high pressure at the center of the Earth compressing the iron and nickel in the core, causing it to reach such high temperatures.
Gallons can't be converted to kilograms. Gallons measure volume, while kilograms measure mass.
A blackbody at a temperature of 10,000 K will emit most of its photons at what wavelength