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20"x16"x12"=3840 cubic inches. 1 gal of water has a volume of 231 cubic inches therefore the nominal/quoted/rated volume of water the tank will hold is 3840 divided by 231 which is just over 16.6 gallons of water. The tank will never hold that amount of water when keeping fish. At least 1 inch will be left empty at the top and if the tank is set up with plants lights etc an average of 2 inches will be taken up with gravel at the bottom. So 3 inches is a quarter of 12 (which is the depth of the tank) that is reducing the holding capacity of the tank by one quarter so 16.6 divided by 4 will give how much less water the tank will actually hold. That amount is 4.15 gallons. So the tank will actually hold 16.60 minus 4.15 gallons. Which leaves you with 12.45 gallons if it is a planted tank. Applying the basic rule of fishkeeping "1" of fish needs a minimum of 1 gallon of water, you will see that your tank can house a maximum of 12.5 inches of fish.

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