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It typically takes around 9-10 pounds of fuel to launch 1 pound of payload into orbit using a conventional rocket. This includes accounting for the weight of the rocket, fuel, and other necessary components for the launch.
Approximately 7.2 gallons of fuel are equal to one pound. However, this can vary slightly depending on the type of fuel and its temperature.
Launching at a faster speed into orbit would result in a higher orbit or in a more elliptical orbit. This would require more fuel and energy to achieve and could potentially increase the risk of errors or damage to the spacecraft.
It can take as long as you want; if we ever get around to building a Beanstalk (aka space elevator) you *could* literally walk up to orbit. The limits are how much stress (in terms of G-forces) your payload can take and how much fuel your rocket can carry (and remember that you need fuel to get that fuel to fly). Although Project Orion proposed using nuclear bombs as propulsion, rather than rockets, but that's not something you want to use in Earth's atmosphere. Anyway, assuming limitless weightless fuel (which is kind of impossible), a rocket could climb at one inch per second and eventually make orbit; the problem is that in the real world there ain't no such animal. Short answer: NASA's Space Shuttle typically took eight to ten minutes to reach orbit.
To convert pounds to gallons for diesel fuel, you need to know the density. On average, 1 gallon of diesel fuel weighs about 7 pounds. Therefore, 207,538 pounds of diesel fuel would be approximately 29,648 gallons (207,538 pounds / 7 pounds per gallon).
On average, 1 liter of diesel fuel weighs around 2.65 pounds.