Gas can be measured by volume (in litres), by mass (in grams/kilograms etc or, in chemistry a mole).
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You need a lot of gas to do this, but you start by weighing an empty cylinder. You then put a measured quantity of gas in the cylinder and weigh it again.
Scalar quantities are physical quantities that have only magnitude and no direction. Examples include mass, temperature, speed, and volume. These quantities are described fully by their magnitude alone.
Thickness of door is not measured in km. Kilometer is a big quantity.
The temperature of the gas is typically measured by the movement of gas particles inside a vessel. As gas particles gain energy, they move faster and increase the pressure and temperature of the gas.
Temperature is measured by the movement of gas particles in a vessel. When the gas particles move faster, the temperature of the gas increases, and vice versa.