Copernicus produced the first heliocentric theory of the planets' movements among the stars in1543. He used the idea that the Sun is at the centre, plus a whole lot more detail that has now been superseded.
The modern theory is that of Kepler (1609), which resembles the Copernicus model only in so far as it is also heliocentric.
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That science was a process of changing ideas
Copernicus' model is simpler than Ptolemy's because it places the sun at the center of the solar system, with planets orbiting around it in nearly circular paths. This heliocentric model eliminates the need for complex epicycles, which Ptolemy used in his geocentric model to explain the retrograde motion of planets. Copernicus's model also provides a more elegant explanation for the observed movements of celestial bodies.
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Both Copernicus heliocentric and the Ptolemaic models agreed on the need for epicycles. These were miniature orbits that the celestial bodies travelled on as well as their normal orbits.Copernicus still invigaed the bodies orbiting in perfect circles and had to put these in to explain some of the movements of the planets. This may have contributed to his ideas being largely dismissed as it was just as complicated as the already established model. It was not until Kepler proposed elliptical orbits was this problem resolved.