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It depends where you measure from. Considering the base of the mountain, this would be Mauna Kea in Hawaii, which is slightly higher than Mauna Loa. The base of the volcano is the seafloor some 20,000 feet below the surface.

Considering height above sea level, the tallest is the Nevado Ojos del Salado at 22,615 ft (6,893m), on the border between Chile and Argentina in the Andes.

The highest volcano in the US is Mount Bona in Alaska at 16,421 ft (5,005 m) tall.

Prominence:

Objects have a wet and dry prominence. Wet prominence can be thought of as height above sea level. Dry prominence is the height of the summit above the lowest surrounding point, in some cases well below sea level.

If your datum is sea level, the tallest is

Ojos del Salado, at 22,615 ft (6,893 m), on the Chilean/Argentinean border.

If, however you are referring to dry prominence then the tallest is

Mauna Kea in Hawaii. Nearly 20,000 feet of it is under the Pacific Ocean.

However there is a special rule for Mt. Everest whereby its dry prominence is assumed to be from its summit to the base of the very deepest part of the ocean floor on Earth (the Challenger Deep).

For more information on topographic prominence please see the related link. Mauna Kea in hawaii

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