Pressure, volume and temperature, and moles of gas are the four principal variables to describe a gas (for example, see related questions on Ideal Gas Law and others). The standard units are: Pressure: atmospheres (atm) Volume: liters (L) Temperature: Kelvin (K) Number of moles are measure in, well, moles.
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Variables used to describe a gas include pressure (P), volume (V), temperature (T), and number of moles (n). Pressure is typically measured in atmospheres (atm) or Pascals (Pa), volume in liters (L) or cubic meters (m^3), temperature in Kelvin (K), and amount of substance in moles.
If any other units are used, the value will be different. --Depending on the units you chose the value of the constant differs
The phase change from a liquid to a gas is called evaporation.
Units of Pascal, Torr, or Bar are commonly used to measure pressure. These units represent the force exerted by a fluid or gas over a given area. Pascal is the SI unit, Torr is commonly used in vacuum measurements, and Bar is used in meteorology and industrial applications.
Convection is the transfer of heat through the movement of a fluid, whether liquid or gas.
This depends on many variables. What is the weight of the notebook, what is the diameter of the balloon, what material is used for the balloon, what gas is used to fill the balloon, what is the weight of the material that is attached to the balloon and the notebook, is this taking place in earth's atmosphere, or somewhere else. There are several other minor variables, as well. And do remember, the balloon must be filled with a gas that is lighter than the surrounding medium!