Copernicus published his heliocentric theory in 1543 in his book "De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium" (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres).
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Tycho Brahe was a nobleman and a difficult character, and it would have been beneath his dignity to 'work together' with Kepler, one of his employees. Most of Kepler's work was done after Brahe's death when he gained access to the figures from Brahe's detailed high-quality measurements. Kepler used the measurements and assumed the heliocentric idea - the Sun at the centre - to produce his three laws of planetary motion. Many years later Newton's discoveries of the laws of motion and the law of gravity, plus his use of differential calculus, showed why Kepler's laws are as they are, and the heliocentric theory was later generally accepted.
Yes, in 1543, the year of his death.
This is an example of how evidence-based observations can lead to the acceptance of a scientific theory. Galileo's use of a telescope provided tangible proof of the theory of planetary motion, which helped in gaining acceptance within the scientific community. It illustrates the importance of empirical evidence in scientific advancements and theory validation.
He worked on his theory for years, but it was only published in the year of his death, in 1543.
Mendeleev's published the periodic table in 1869.