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When there is more than one polyatomic ion. Calcium Hydroxide is an example. Ca has a charge of 2+ and OH has a charge of 1-. To make this neutral, 2 hydroxides are required. So it would be written: Ca(OH)2. If we didn't use the parentheses, it would look like there was 1 calcium, 1 oxygen, and 2 hydrogens. Obviously this isn't right. That's why the parentheses are necessary.

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