Ptolemy thought the earth was the center of the universe, so that the stars, the other planets and the sun revolved around the earth; Copernicus realized that for the orbits of the planets to make sense, the earth and the other planets had to revolve around the sun.
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Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII went to war around 48 BC, after Ptolemy's supporters opposed Cleopatra's rule in Egypt. Cleopatra was eventually able to defeat Ptolemy XIII's forces with the help of Julius Caesar, solidifying her position as the sole ruler of Egypt.
The difference between Ptolemy's and Copernicus's model was that, Ptolemy's model had the Earth in the middle of the Solar System, with all the other planets (including the Sun and the moons) revolving around it. In Copernicus's model, he had the Sun in the center of the Solar System.
Copernicus' contribution to astronomy was the heliocentric model, which placed the sun at the center of the solar system instead of Earth. This model revolutionized our understanding of the cosmos and laid the foundation for modern astronomy. Scientists continue to build upon Copernicus' work to further explore the universe.
Galileo's role model was Copernicus, who pioneered the heliocentric model of the solar system. Galileo was greatly inspired by Copernicus' work and built upon it with his own observations and experiments.
Copernicus and Kepler disagree on the shape of planetary orbits. Copernicus proposed that planets move in perfect circles around the Sun, while Kepler later discovered that planets move in elliptical orbits.