A wheelset by itself doesn't go anywhere w/o a rider powering it, so talking about the fastest wheels is fairly pointless. All things being equal, the rider is more important than the wheels.
On top of that, wheels are good for different things. On a controlled course, aerodynamics are real important, with disc wheels(=wheels looking like solid discs) being the most aero. Unfortunatley, those wheels are real sensitive to crosswinds, so they can't really be ridden under race conditions. They tend to be heavy too.
For a race containing a lot of climbing, light wheels are the fastest. But they generally are less aero, so they're not as good on the flat.
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There are many fast wheelsets for road bikes, but commonly recognized fast options include Zipp 404, ENVE SES 5.6, and Lightweight Meilenstein. Each of these wheelsets is known for their aerodynamic design and lightweight construction, which helps to increase speed and performance on the road.
Fastest speed on what kind of bicycle, and under which conditions? With an UCI-approved bike, anything human-powered, downhill on a MTB, descending on a road bike, on the flat solo, on the flat behind a pace vehicle?
The Japanese sparrowhawk is the fastest bird in Japan, reaching speeds of up to 100 km/h (62 mph) during flight.
KTM manufactures the fastest production dirt bike under 80cc, the KTM 85 SX. Known for its high performance and lightweight design, this bike is popular among young riders competing in motocross events.
The fastest accelerating road car is currently the Rimac Nevera, which can accelerate from 0 to 60 mph in just 1.85 seconds.
The fastest non-flying bird is the Ostrich, which can reach speeds of up to 45 miles per hour when running.