Jupiter. By Far
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Jupiter has the strongest magnetic field of any planet in our solar system. Its magnetic field is about 20,000 times stronger than Earth's. This intense magnetic field is generated by the planet's metallic hydrogen core.
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Uranus's magnetosphere is the region around the planet influenced by its magnetic field. It is unique compared to other magnetospheres in our solar system, being tilted at an angle of about 60 degrees from the planet's rotation axis. The magnetosphere plays a key role in interactions with the solar wind and auroras observed on Uranus.
Yes. Mars has a thin atmosphere despite not having a magnetosphere. A planet-sized Faraday cage would probably be impossible as it would likely collapse under its own gravity.
The magnetosphere protects Earth from harmful solar wind and cosmic radiation by deflecting charged particles away from the planet's surface. It also shields the atmosphere from erosion and prevents it from being stripped away into space.