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John Michell assumed that an object that was compact enough would not be able to emit light; his calculations were based on the escape velocity. At his time (18th. century) the idea was considered preposterous.

Soon after the publication of the General Theory of Relativity, Schwarzschild (by coincidence, the name means "black shield") did calculations that predicted the possibility of the black hole. Note that the explanation of why the black hole would not emit any light is somewhat different than the ones by Michell. Michell's calculations were based on the escape velocity of an object; the modern version of the black hole is about space-time being so distorted that an object can only get deeper into a black hole, no matter what its velocity.

According to calculations by Stephen Hawkings, a black hole would gradually evaporate, despite the fact that matter can't directly get out from the inside of the black hole. His calculations are based on quantum-mechanical effects near the border (event horizon) of the black hole.

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