yes
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No it doesn't. Cause and effect is not demonstrated with regression, it only shows that the variables differ together. One variable could be affecting another or the affects could be coming from the way the data is defined.
There are not any model questions for plus one in math online. These will have to be obtain through the instructor of the course.
A proportional model of a three dimensional object is an scale model.
the answer is scale model
fuzzy differential equation (FDEs) taken account the information about the behavior of a dynamical system which is uncertainty in order to obtain a more realistic and flexible model. So, we have r as the fuzzy number in the equation whereas ordinary differential equations do not have the fuzzy number.