If we declare maths as the queen of sciences, physics would obviously be the king. And king and queen do have some relations, don't they? Back in old days (18-19th centuries and older) math was being developed the way the physicians needed it, not more. Suppose one day a phisician needed to solve quadratic equation and there was no way to do it. He would sit days long and finally invent a method for solve this kind of equations (in reality things were a bit different, but not much). So in the process of solving a physical problem new mathematical method was developed and the physical problem got solved too. This way physics benefited from maths and maths from physics. Nowadays every physical problem again needs a lot of maths to be solved. And as it can be seen, physics can't exist without maths (although maths can exist without physics).
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I am not aware of any special meaning in math. In physics, it is short for pascal, a unit of pressure.
yes
Because in alot of subjects you use measurements and graphs/charts which is to do with maths
In America it is math, in most European countries it is maths
Yes, math is called maths in Welsh.